diff --git a/algorithms/neat/genome/crossover.py b/algorithms/neat/genome/crossover.py
index 7dca803..5573714 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/genome/crossover.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/genome/crossover.py
@@ -8,29 +8,27 @@ from jax import numpy as jnp
 from .utils import flatten_connections, unflatten_connections
 
 
-def create_crossover_function(batch: bool):
+def create_crossover_function(N, config, batch: bool):
     if batch:
-        return batch_crossover
+        pop_size = config.neat.population.pop_size
+        randkey_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2), dtype=jnp.uint32)
+        nodes1_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, N, 5))
+        connections1_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2, N, N))
+        nodes2_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, N, 5))
+        connections2_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2, N, N))
+        return jit(vmap(crossover)).lower(randkey_lower, nodes1_lower, connections1_lower,
+                                          nodes2_lower, connections2_lower).compile()
     else:
-        return crossover
+        randkey_lower = jnp.zeros((2,), dtype=jnp.uint32)
+        nodes1_lower = jnp.zeros((N, 5))
+        connections1_lower = jnp.zeros((2, N, N))
+        nodes2_lower = jnp.zeros((N, 5))
+        connections2_lower = jnp.zeros((2, N, N))
+        return jit(crossover).lower(randkey_lower, nodes1_lower, connections1_lower,
+                                    nodes2_lower, connections2_lower).compile()
 
 
-@vmap
-def batch_crossover(randkeys: Array, batch_nodes1: Array, batch_connections1: Array, batch_nodes2: Array,
-                    batch_connections2: Array) -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
-    """
-    crossover a batch of genomes
-    :param randkeys: batches of random keys
-    :param batch_nodes1:
-    :param batch_connections1:
-    :param batch_nodes2:
-    :param batch_connections2:
-    :return:
-    """
-    return crossover(randkeys, batch_nodes1, batch_connections1, batch_nodes2, batch_connections2)
-
-
-@jit
+# @jit
 def crossover(randkey: Array, nodes1: Array, connections1: Array, nodes2: Array, connections2: Array) \
         -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
     """
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ def crossover(randkey: Array, nodes1: Array, connections1: Array, nodes2: Array,
     return new_nodes, new_cons
 
 
-@partial(jit, static_argnames=['gene_type'])
+# @partial(jit, static_argnames=['gene_type'])
 def align_array(seq1: Array, seq2: Array, ar2: Array, gene_type: str) -> Array:
     """
     make ar2 align with ar1.
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ def align_array(seq1: Array, seq2: Array, ar2: Array, gene_type: str) -> Array:
     return refactor_ar2
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def crossover_gene(rand_key: Array, g1: Array, g2: Array) -> Array:
     """
     crossover two genes
diff --git a/algorithms/neat/genome/distance.py b/algorithms/neat/genome/distance.py
index 74f1df6..f2ed988 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/genome/distance.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/genome/distance.py
@@ -6,25 +6,31 @@ from numpy.typing import NDArray
 from .utils import flatten_connections, EMPTY_NODE, EMPTY_CON
 
 
-def create_distance_function(config, type: str):
+def create_distance_function(N, config, type: str):
     """
+    :param N:
     :param config:
     :param type: {'o2o', 'o2m'}, for one-to-one or one-to-many distance calculation
     :return:
     """
     disjoint_coe = config.neat.genome.compatibility_disjoint_coefficient
     compatibility_coe = config.neat.genome.compatibility_weight_coefficient
+
+    def distance_with_args(nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2):
+        return distance(nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2, disjoint_coe, compatibility_coe)
+
     if type == 'o2o':
         return lambda nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2: \
             distance_numpy(nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2, disjoint_coe, compatibility_coe)
 
-        # return lambda nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2: \
-        #     distance(nodes1, connections1, nodes2, connections2, disjoint_coe, compatibility_coe)
-
     elif type == 'o2m':
-        func = vmap(distance, in_axes=(None, None, 0, 0, None, None))
-        return lambda nodes1, connections1, batch_nodes2, batch_connections2: \
-            func(nodes1, connections1, batch_nodes2, batch_connections2, disjoint_coe, compatibility_coe)
+        vmap_func = vmap(distance_with_args, in_axes=(None, None, 0, 0))
+        pop_size = config.neat.population.pop_size
+        nodes1_lower = jnp.zeros((N, 5))
+        connections1_lower = jnp.zeros((2, N, N))
+        nodes2_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, N, 5))
+        connections2_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2, N, N))
+        return jit(vmap_func).lower(nodes1_lower, connections1_lower, nodes2_lower, connections2_lower).compile()
     else:
         raise ValueError(f'unknown distance type: {type}, should be one of ["o2o", "o2m"]')
 
diff --git a/algorithms/neat/genome/genome.py b/algorithms/neat/genome/genome.py
index c6f83ab..53dfcf1 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/genome/genome.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/genome/genome.py
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ from jax import numpy as jnp
 from jax import jit
 from jax import Array
 
-from algorithms.neat.genome.utils import fetch_first, fetch_last
+from .activations import act_name2key
+from .aggregations import agg_name2key
+from .utils import fetch_first
 
 EMPTY_NODE = np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
 
@@ -34,10 +36,8 @@ def create_initialize_function(config):
     num_outputs = config.basic.num_outputs
     default_bias = config.neat.gene.bias.init_mean
     default_response = config.neat.gene.response.init_mean
-    # default_act = config.neat.gene.activation.default
-    # default_agg = config.neat.gene.aggregation.default
-    default_act = 0
-    default_agg = 0
+    default_act = act_name2key[config.neat.gene.activation.default]
+    default_agg = agg_name2key[config.neat.gene.aggregation.default]
     default_weight = config.neat.gene.weight.init_mean
     return partial(initialize_genomes, pop_size, N, num_inputs, num_outputs, default_bias, default_response,
                    default_act, default_agg, default_weight)
diff --git a/algorithms/neat/genome/mutate.py b/algorithms/neat/genome/mutate.py
index 9e180ea..709ee32 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/genome/mutate.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/genome/mutate.py
@@ -13,15 +13,19 @@ from .activations import act_name2key
 from .aggregations import agg_name2key
 
 
-def create_mutate_function(config, input_keys, output_keys, batch: bool):
+def create_mutate_function(N, config, batch: bool):
     """
     create mutate function for different situations
-    :param output_keys:
-    :param input_keys:
+    :param N:
     :param config:
     :param batch: mutate for population or not
     :return:
     """
+    num_inputs = config.basic.num_inputs
+    num_outputs = config.basic.num_outputs
+    input_idx = np.arange(num_inputs)
+    output_idx = np.arange(num_inputs, num_inputs + num_outputs)
+
     bias = config.neat.gene.bias
     bias_default = bias.init_mean
     bias_mean = bias.init_mean
@@ -65,8 +69,8 @@ def create_mutate_function(config, input_keys, output_keys, batch: bool):
     delete_connection_rate = genome.conn_delete_prob
     single_structure_mutate = genome.single_structural_mutation
 
-    def mutate_func(rand_key, nodes, connections, new_node_key):
-        return mutate(rand_key, nodes, connections, new_node_key, input_keys, output_keys,
+    def mutate_with_args(rand_key, nodes, connections, new_node_key):
+        return mutate(rand_key, nodes, connections, new_node_key, input_idx, output_idx,
                       bias_default, bias_mean, bias_std, bias_mutate_strength, bias_mutate_rate,
                       bias_replace_rate, response_default, response_mean, response_std,
                       response_mutate_strength, response_mutate_rate, response_replace_rate,
@@ -77,19 +81,30 @@ def create_mutate_function(config, input_keys, output_keys, batch: bool):
                       single_structure_mutate)
 
     if not batch:
-        return mutate_func
+        rand_key_lower = jnp.zeros((2, ), dtype=jnp.uint32)
+        nodes_lower = jnp.zeros((N, 5))
+        connections_lower = jnp.zeros((2, N, N))
+        new_node_key_lower = jnp.zeros((), dtype=jnp.int32)
+        return jit(mutate_with_args).lower(rand_key_lower, nodes_lower, connections_lower, new_node_key_lower).compile()
     else:
-        batched_mutate_func = vmap(mutate_func, in_axes=(0, 0, 0, 0))
+        pop_size = config.neat.population.pop_size
+        rand_key_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2), dtype=jnp.uint32)
+        nodes_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, N, 5))
+        connections_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, 2, N, N))
+        new_node_key_lower = jnp.zeros((pop_size, ), dtype=jnp.int32)
+        batched_mutate_func = jit(vmap(mutate_with_args)).lower(rand_key_lower, nodes_lower,
+                                                                connections_lower, new_node_key_lower).compile()
+
         return batched_mutate_func
 
 
-@partial(jit, static_argnames=["single_structure_mutate"])
+# @partial(jit, static_argnames=["single_structure_mutate"])
 def mutate(rand_key: Array,
            nodes: Array,
            connections: Array,
            new_node_key: int,
-           input_keys: Array,
-           output_keys: Array,
+           input_idx: Array,
+           output_idx: Array,
            bias_default: float = 0,
            bias_mean: float = 0,
            bias_std: float = 1,
@@ -120,8 +135,8 @@ def mutate(rand_key: Array,
            delete_connection_rate: float = 0.4,
            single_structure_mutate: bool = True):
     """
-    :param output_keys:
-    :param input_keys:
+    :param output_idx:
+    :param input_idx:
     :param agg_default:
     :param act_default:
     :param response_default:
@@ -166,10 +181,10 @@ def mutate(rand_key: Array,
         return mutate_add_node(rk, new_node_key, n, c, bias_default, response_default, act_default, agg_default)
 
     def m_delete_node(rk, n, c):
-        return mutate_delete_node(rk, n, c, input_keys, output_keys)
+        return mutate_delete_node(rk, n, c, input_idx, output_idx)
 
     def m_add_connection(rk, n, c):
-        return mutate_add_connection(rk, n, c, input_keys, output_keys)
+        return mutate_add_connection(rk, n, c, input_idx, output_idx)
 
     def m_delete_connection(rk, n, c):
         return mutate_delete_connection(rk, n, c)
@@ -224,7 +239,7 @@ def mutate(rand_key: Array,
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_values(rand_key: Array,
                   nodes: Array,
                   connections: Array,
@@ -305,7 +320,7 @@ def mutate_values(rand_key: Array,
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_float_values(rand_key: Array, old_vals: Array, mean: float, std: float,
                         mutate_strength: float, mutate_rate: float, replace_rate: float) -> Array:
     """
@@ -338,7 +353,7 @@ def mutate_float_values(rand_key: Array, old_vals: Array, mean: float, std: floa
     return new_vals
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_int_values(rand_key: Array, old_vals: Array, val_list: Array, replace_rate: float) -> Array:
     """
     Mutate integer values (act, agg) of a given array.
@@ -361,7 +376,7 @@ def mutate_int_values(rand_key: Array, old_vals: Array, val_list: Array, replace
     return new_vals
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_add_node(rand_key: Array, new_node_key: int, nodes: Array, connections: Array,
                     default_bias: float = 0, default_response: float = 1,
                     default_act: int = 0, default_agg: int = 0) -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
@@ -408,7 +423,7 @@ def mutate_add_node(rand_key: Array, new_node_key: int, nodes: Array, connection
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_delete_node(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array,
                        input_keys: Array, output_keys: Array) -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
     """
@@ -442,7 +457,7 @@ def mutate_delete_node(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array,
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_add_connection(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array,
                           input_keys: Array, output_keys: Array) -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
     """
@@ -481,7 +496,7 @@ def mutate_add_connection(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array,
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def mutate_delete_connection(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array):
     """
     Randomly delete a connection.
@@ -504,7 +519,7 @@ def mutate_delete_connection(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connections: Array):
     return nodes, connections
 
 
-@partial(jit, static_argnames=('allow_input_keys', 'allow_output_keys'))
+# @partial(jit, static_argnames=('allow_input_keys', 'allow_output_keys'))
 def choice_node_key(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array,
                     input_keys: Array, output_keys: Array,
                     allow_input_keys: bool = False, allow_output_keys: bool = False) -> Tuple[Array, Array]:
@@ -533,7 +548,7 @@ def choice_node_key(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array,
     return key, idx
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def choice_connection_key(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connection: Array) -> Tuple[Array, Array, Array, Array]:
     """
     Randomly choose a connection key from the given connections.
@@ -561,6 +576,6 @@ def choice_connection_key(rand_key: Array, nodes: Array, connection: Array) -> T
     return from_key, to_key, from_idx, to_idx
 
 
-@jit
+# @jit
 def rand(rand_key):
     return jax.random.uniform(rand_key, ())
diff --git a/algorithms/neat/pipeline.py b/algorithms/neat/pipeline.py
index b39be0a..6a3b516 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/pipeline.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/pipeline.py
@@ -28,10 +28,8 @@ class Pipeline:
         self.species_controller = SpeciesController(config)
         self.initialize_func = create_initialize_function(config)
         self.pop_nodes, self.pop_connections, self.input_idx, self.output_idx = self.initialize_func()
-        self.mutate_func = create_mutate_function(config, self.input_idx, self.output_idx, batch=True)
-        self.crossover_func = create_crossover_function(batch=True)
-        self.o2o_distance = create_distance_function(self.config, type='o2o')
-        self.o2m_distance = create_distance_function(self.config, type='o2m')
+
+        self.compile_functions()
 
         self.generation = 0
         self.species_controller.speciate(self.pop_nodes, self.pop_connections,
@@ -142,6 +140,15 @@ class Pipeline:
             for s in self.species_controller.species.values():
                 s.representative = expand_single(*s.representative, self.N)
 
+            # update functions
+            self.compile_functions()
+
+    def compile_functions(self):
+        self.mutate_func = create_mutate_function(self.N, self.config, batch=True)
+        self.crossover_func = create_crossover_function(self.N, self.config, batch=True)
+        self.o2o_distance = create_distance_function(self.N, self.config, type='o2o')
+        self.o2m_distance = create_distance_function(self.N, self.config, type='o2m')
+
     def default_analysis(self, fitnesses):
         max_f, min_f, mean_f, std_f = max(fitnesses), min(fitnesses), np.mean(fitnesses), np.std(fitnesses)
         species_sizes = [len(s.members) for s in self.species_controller.species.values()]
diff --git a/algorithms/neat/species.py b/algorithms/neat/species.py
index 620de50..47cfed9 100644
--- a/algorithms/neat/species.py
+++ b/algorithms/neat/species.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import jax
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
+
 class Species(object):
 
     def __init__(self, key, generation):
diff --git a/examples/jax_playground.py b/examples/jax_playground.py
index 2554ab9..2e4487f 100644
--- a/examples/jax_playground.py
+++ b/examples/jax_playground.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import jax.numpy as jnp
 import numpy as np
 from jax import random
 from jax import vmap, jit
+from functools import partial
 
 from examples.time_utils import using_cprofile
 
@@ -16,28 +17,43 @@ def func(x, y):
     return x * y
 
 
+def func2(x, y, s):
+    """
+    :param x: (100, )
+    :param y: (100,
+    :return:
+    """
+    if s == '123':
+        return 0
+    else:
+        return x * y
+
+
+@jit
+def func3(x, y):
+    return func2(x, y, '123')
+
+
 # @using_cprofile
 def main():
     key = jax.random.PRNGKey(42)
 
-    x1, y1 = jax.random.normal(key, shape=(100,)), jax.random.normal(key, shape=(100,))
+    x1, y1 = jax.random.normal(key, shape=(1000,)), jax.random.normal(key, shape=(1000,))
 
-    jit_func = jit(func)
-
-    z = jit_func(x1, y1)
-    print(z)
-
-    jit_lower_func = jit(func).lower(x1, y1).compile()
+    jit_lower_func = jit(func).lower(1, 2).compile()
     print(type(jit_lower_func))
-    import pickle
+    print(jit_lower_func.memory_analysis())
 
-    with open('jit_function.pkl', 'wb') as f:
-        pickle.dump(jit_lower_func, f)
+    jit_compiled_func2 = jit(func2, static_argnames=['s']).lower(x1, y1, '123').compile()
+    print(jit_compiled_func2(x1, y1))
 
-    new_jit_lower_func = pickle.load(open('jit_function.pkl', 'rb'))
+    # print(jit_compiled_func2(x1, y1))
 
-    print(jit_lower_func(x1, y1))
-    print(new_jit_lower_func(x1, y1))
+    f = func3.lower(x1, y1).compile()
+
+    print(f(x1, y1))
+
+    # print(jit_lower_func(x1, y1))
 
     # x2, y2 = jax.random.normal(key, shape=(200,)), jax.random.normal(key, shape=(200,))
     # print(jit_lower_func(x2, y2))
diff --git a/examples/xor.py b/examples/xor.py
index e8ac80c..895bd5f 100644
--- a/examples/xor.py
+++ b/examples/xor.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ def evaluate(forward_func: Callable) -> List[float]:
     return fitnesses.tolist()  # returns a list
 
 
-@using_cprofile
-# @partial(using_cprofile, root_abs_path='/mnt/e/neat-jax/', replace_pattern="/mnt/e/neat-jax/")
+# @using_cprofile
+@partial(using_cprofile, root_abs_path='/mnt/e/neat-jax/', replace_pattern="/mnt/e/neat-jax/")
 def main():
     config = Configer.load_config()
     pipeline = Pipeline(config, seed=11323)
diff --git a/utils/default_config.json b/utils/default_config.json
index 1881b52..8ee9902 100644
--- a/utils/default_config.json
+++ b/utils/default_config.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "basic": {
         "num_inputs": 2,
         "num_outputs": 1,
-        "init_maximum_nodes": 25,
+        "init_maximum_nodes": 10,
         "expands_coe": 2
     },
     "neat": {